Stats without Tears
Statistics Symbol Sheet
Updated 5 Nov 2020
(What’s New?)
Copyright © 2002–2022 by Stan Brown, BrownMath.com
Updated 5 Nov 2020
(What’s New?)
Copyright © 2002–2022 by Stan Brown, BrownMath.com
Relational Symbols | |||
---|---|---|---|
= | equals is the same as |
≠ | is not equal to is different from |
> | is greater than is more than exceeds is above |
≥ or >= |
is greater than or equal to is at least is not less than |
< | is less than is fewer than is below |
≤ or <= |
is less than or equal to is at most does not exceed is not greater than is no more than |
A < x < B | x is between A and B, exclusive | ||
A ≤ x ≤ B | x is between A and B, inclusive | ||
A ≈ B | A is approximately equal to B |
Here are symbols for various sample statistics and the corresponding population parameters. They are not repeated in the list below.
sample statistic |
population parameter |
description |
---|---|---|
n | N | number of members of sample or population |
x̅ “x-bar” | μ “mu” or μx |
mean |
M or Med or x̃ “x-tilde” |
(none) | median |
s
(TIs say Sx) |
σ “sigma”
or σx |
standard deviation For variance, apply a squared symbol (s² or σ²). |
r | ρ “rho” | coefficient of linear correlation |
p̂ “p-hat” | p | proportion |
z t χ² | (n/a) | calculated test statistic |
μ and σ can take subscripts to show what you are taking the mean or standard deviation of. For instance, σx̅ (“sigma sub x-bar”) is the standard deviation of sample means, or standard error of the mean.
a
and some statistics books use b1.)In geometric and binomial probability distributions, p is the probability of “success” (defined here in Chapter 6) on any one trial and q = (1−p) is the probability of “failure” (the only other possibility) on any one trial.
In hypothesis testing, p is the calculated p-value (defined here in Chapter 10), the probability that rejecting the null hypothesis would be a wrong decision.
In tests of population proportions, p stands for population proportion and p̂ for sample proportion (see table above).
Caution! The order of A and B may seem backward to you at first.
Updates and new info: https://BrownMath.com/swt/